Concepts related to social needs. Social, biological and spiritual needs of man. Briefly about what the needs are

Good afternoon, dear readers. Do you know what human social needs are and how to satisfy them? Today I will tell you what needs there are and give brief instructions on how to express yourself and realize yourself in society.

Concept and types of needs

Social are the needs for a sense of self as an individual, belonging to a group of people, the need for communication and free exchange of information at any time.

Types of social needs:

“life for oneself” – power, self-esteem, self-emphasis;
“for others” – love, friendship, altruism;
“life with society” – independence, rights, justice, etc.

Satisfying these needs is extremely important for almost all of us. Otherwise, a person may feel flawed, not like everyone else. I have many examples from life when individuals rejected by a group of people received moral trauma, as a result of which they were no longer able to lead their usual way of life.

By carefully re-reading the types of social needs, we can find that each of us has them. And that's quite normal. Each of us wants to stand out and realize ourselves professionally. He longs to be an altruist or to meet altruists (people who do good deeds without reward), wants peace on Earth. This is logical, because we were all brought up by the same society.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

Maslow once composed, which has been more than relevant for many years. It is built in ascending order from the following points:

– food, clothing;
need for security - housing, material goods;
social needs - friendship, belonging to like-minded people;
own importance – self-esteem and assessment of others;
own relevance – harmony, self-realization, happiness.

As we can see, social needs are in the middle of the pyramid. The main ones are physiological, since on an empty stomach and without shelter over your head, there can be no talk of any desire for self-realization. But when these needs are satisfied, then a person has a strong desire to satisfy social ones. Their satisfaction directly affects the harmony of the individual, the degree of its realization and emotional background throughout all years of life.

For a formed personality, social needs are more significant and essential than physiological ones. For example, almost each of us has seen how a student takes up his studies instead of sleeping. Or when a mother, who herself did not rest, did not get enough sleep and forgot to eat, does not leave the cradle of her child. Often a man who wants to please his chosen one endures pain or other inconveniences.

Friendship, love, family are the initial social needs that most of us try to satisfy first. It is important for us to spend time in the company of other people, to have an active social position, and to play a certain role in the team.

Personality will never be formed outside of society. Common interests and the same attitude towards important things (truth, respect, care, etc.) form close interpersonal ties. Within the framework of which the social formation of the individual occurs.

How to satisfy the social needs of a modern person

Excessive desire for self-preservation and lack of communication can become the main reason for the isolation of modern man from society. Excessive self-confidence, an eternal lack of time to communicate with friends and family, and a lack of common interests with other people make a person withdrawn into himself. Depending on their willpower, such people may begin to abuse alcohol or tobacco, quit their jobs, lose respect and property, etc.

In order to prevent such harmful consequences from occurring, the importance of communication must be clearly understood. It is necessary to develop a desire to feel that one belongs to a group or groups of people.

Social needs are born in the process of human activity as a social subject. Human activity is an adaptive, transformative activity aimed at producing means to satisfy certain needs. Since such activity acts as a person’s practical application of sociocultural experience, in its development it acquires the character of a universal social production and consumption activity. Human activity can only be carried out in society and through society; it is performed by an individual in interaction with other people and represents a complex system of actions determined by various needs.

Social needs arise in connection with the functioning of a person in society. These include the need for

social activities, self-expression, ensuring social rights, etc. They are not given by nature, are not genetically laid down, but are acquired during the formation of a person as an individual, his development as a member of society, and are born in the process of human activity as a social subject.

A distinctive feature of social needs, with all their diversity, is that they all act as demands on other people and belong not to an individual, but to a group of people, united in one way or another. The general need of a certain social group not only consists of the needs of individual people, but also itself causes a corresponding need in an individual. The needs of any group are not identical to the needs of an individual person, but are always in some way and somehow different from it. A person belonging to a certain group relies on common needs with it, but the group forces him to obey its demands, and by obeying, he becomes one of the dictators. This creates a complex dialectic between the interests and needs of an individual, on the one hand, and those communities with which he is connected, on the other.

Social needs are needs defined by society (society) as additional and mandatory to basic needs. For example, to ensure the process of eating (a basic need), social needs will be: a chair, a table, forks, knives, plates, napkins, etc. In different social groups, these needs are different and depend on norms, rules, mentality, living conditions and other factors characterizing social culture. At the same time, an individual’s possession of items that society considers necessary may determine his social status in society.

With a wide variety of human social needs, it is possible to distinguish more or less clearly distinguished individual levels of needs, at each of which its specificity and its hierarchical connections with lower and higher ones are visible. For example, these levels include:

11 - 8249 Shipovskaya

About the social needs of an individual (as a person, individuality) - they act as a ready-made, but also a changing product of social relations;

About social needs, family and related - in different cases they are more or less broad, specific and strong and are most closely related to biological needs;

Social needs are universal and arise because a person, thinking and acting individually, at the same time includes his activities in the activities of other people and society. As a result, an objective need appears for such actions and states that simultaneously provide the individual with both community with other people and his independence, i.e. existence as a special person. Under the influence of this objective necessity, human needs develop, guiding and regulating his behavior in relation to himself and other people, to his social group, to society as a whole:

About the need for justice on the scale of humanity, society as a whole, the essence of the need is for improvement, “correction” of society, for overcoming antagonistic social relations;

Social needs for development and self-development, improvement and self-improvement of a person belong to the highest level of the hierarchy of personal needs. Every person, to one degree or another, has a desire to be healthier, smarter, kinder, more beautiful, stronger, etc.

Social needs exist in an endless variety of forms. Without trying to imagine all the manifestations of social needs, we classify these groups of needs into three criteria:

About the need “for others” - needs that express the generic essence of a person, i.e. the need for communication, the need to protect the weak. The most concentrated need “for others” is expressed in altruism - the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. The need “for others” is realized by overcoming the eternal egoistic principle “for oneself.” The existence and even “cooperation” in one person of opposing tendencies “for oneself” and “for others”

16.2. Types of social needs

"It is possible, as long as we are not talking about individual or deep-seated needs, but about the means of satisfying one or another - about service needs and their derivatives. The claim to even the most significant place “for oneself” is easier to realize if at the same time, if possible, the claims of other people are not affected;

The need “for oneself” is the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one’s place in society, in a team, the need for power, etc. Needs “for oneself” are called social because they are inextricably linked with needs “for others”, and only through them can they be realized. In most cases, needs “for oneself” act as an allegorical expression of needs “for others”; the needs “together with others” unite people to solve urgent problems of social progress. A clear example: the invasion of Nazi troops on the territory of the USSR in 1941 became a powerful incentive for organizing resistance, and this need was universal.

Ideological needs are among the purely social needs of man. These are human needs for an idea, for an explanation of life circumstances, problems, for an understanding of the causes of ongoing events, phenomena, factors, for a conceptual, systematic vision of the picture of the world. The implementation of these needs is carried out through the use of data from natural, social, humanities, technical and other sciences. As a result, a person develops a scientific picture of the world. Through a person’s assimilation of religious knowledge, a religious picture of the world is formed.

Many people, under the influence of ideological needs and in the process of their implementation, develop a multipolar, mosaic picture of the world with a predominance, as a rule, of the scientific picture of the world of people with a secular upbringing and the religious picture of the world of people with a religious upbringing.

Need for justice is one of the needs that are actualized and functioning in society. It is expressed in the relationship between rights and responsibilities in a person’s consciousness, in his relationships with the social environment, in interaction with the social environment. Accordingly

Chapter 16. Social needs

With his understanding of what is fair and what is unfair, a person evaluates the behavior and actions of other people.

In this regard, a person can be oriented:

o to defend and expand, first of all, one’s rights;

o to preferentially fulfill one’s duties in relation to other people and the social sphere as a whole;

about a harmonious combination of one’s rights and responsibilities when a person solves social and professional problems.

Aesthetic needs play an important role in human life. The realization of an individual’s aesthetic aspirations is influenced not only by external circumstances, conditions of life and human activity, but also by internal, personal prerequisites - motives, abilities, volitional preparedness of the individual, understanding of the canons of beauty, harmony in the perception and implementation of behavior, creative activity, life in general according to the laws of beauty, in appropriate relation to the ugly, base, ugly, violating natural and social harmony.

An active long life is an important component of the human factor. Health is the most important prerequisite for knowledge of the world around us, for self-affirmation and self-improvement of a person, therefore the first and most important human need is health. The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the interrelation and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases health reserves. You need to replenish your health reserves through rest.

Concept of social need

There are two types of needs:

Natural, that is, associated with the need to maintain the vital functions of the human body.
Social - created by society.

Definition 1

Social needs are human needs for the products of social life, that is, for work, spiritual culture, leisure, socio-economic and political activity, inclusion in family life, as well as in various groups and groups, etc.

Note 1

Social needs arise on the basis of natural needs.

Needs, being a motive and incentive, encourage a person to act, to satisfy his needs; Therefore, we can say that without needs there can be no production. Needs express a person’s dependence on the outside world.

Social needs are an expression of objective patterns of development of various spheres of life of both society and the person himself, and therefore the conditions that surround a person not only give rise to needs, but also create all the conditions for their satisfaction.

Classification of social needs

Depending on the motives of social action. Depending on the social institutions through which social needs are satisfied.

Speaking about the motives of social action, T. Parsons identified typical action variables - that is, pairs that determine the possibilities for choosing actions. These are pairs between: acting in one’s own interests or with the need to take into account the needs of the environment, the desire to satisfy immediate needs or abandoning this in order to satisfy long-term and important goals, focusing on the qualities inherent in the individual or focusing on social assessments, subordinating behavior to rules or taking into account the specifics of the moment and situation .

For example, a person would like to buy a car, however, not having sufficient funds, he can behave in different ways: save money, convince relatives to help him. An individual goal, understood through the prism of social relations, connections, expectations, became the motive for social action.

It is obvious that the motive is influenced by the system of values, and by the characteristics of temperament and personality, however, conscious, rational elements play a large role in the process of motivating social action. Therefore, M. Weber bases the classification of social actions on purposeful, rational action.

Note 2

Purposeful action is characterized by a clear understanding of what a person wants to achieve, which ways, means are most suitable, effective, etc. This means that a person correlates both positive and negative means and consequences of his actions.

Speaking about social institutions through which an individual realizes his social needs, we can talk about the categories of social norm and social exchange. If social norms represent certain general rules of interaction between participants in social relations, then social exchange is an exchange that exists between members of society, various organizations and spheres, and, unlike exchange between people, does not contain a personal component.

Social institutions are elements of the social structure of society, representing relatively stable types and forms of social practice, through which social life is organized and the stability of connections and relationships is ensured within the framework of the social organization of society. Social needs act as a condition for the emergence of social institutions.

Social needs can be divided into:

vital (their dissatisfaction entails the liquidation of the social subject or its revolutionary change);
needs at the level of social norms (evolutionary development of social institutions);
needs at the level of minimum social norms (preservation, but not development of the social subject);
needs for comfortable functioning and development.

The most important need of a social group is to expand its spheres of activity and transform its environment and social relations.

We can talk about such features of the needs of social groups as mass, stability in space and time, interconnectedness.

Figure 1. Key social needs. Author24 - online exchange of student works

The importance of social needs

The social needs of the individual are placed on the second level after the physical. However, they are more important and necessary for any person.

The significance of social needs is expressed in the following:

Each personality develops only in a social environment. It cannot exist outside of society and the satisfaction of social needs, i.e. an individual will never become a person if he does not satisfy social needs;
physiological needs for procreation are complemented by respect, love, care, building relationships between the sexes based on fidelity, care, common interests, the need for communication and mutual understanding;
without the presence of social needs and their satisfaction, a person is no different from an animal, he is likened to him;
The successful coexistence of people in a social environment is the satisfaction of the needs for social activity, the fulfillment of socially significant roles and work activities, the formation of positive communication connections, and achieving recognition and success in society and the system of its relationships.

Human needs as a source of his activity

08.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

The human needs themselves are the basis for the formation of motive, which in psychology is considered as the “engine” of personality...

Man, like any living creature, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point these conditions and means are absent, then a state of need arises, which causes the emergence of selectivity in the response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the occurrence of a response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal functioning, preservation of life and further development. The subject’s experience of such a state of need in psychology is called need.

So, the manifestation of a person’s activity, and accordingly his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need) that requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The human needs themselves are the basis for the formation of motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of personality. and human activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, generate, which directs the individual’s attention and activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.

Human needs: definition and features

Needs, which are the main source of a person’s activity, are understood as a special internal (subjective) feeling of a person’s need, which determines his dependence on certain conditions and means of existence. The activity itself, aimed at satisfying human needs and regulated by a conscious goal, is called activity. The sources of personality activity as an internal driving force aimed at satisfying various needs are:

organic and material needs (food, clothing, protection, etc.);
spiritual and cultural(cognitive, aesthetic, social).

Human needs are reflected in the most persistent and vital dependencies of the body and the environment, and the system of human needs is formed under the influence of the following factors: social living conditions of people, the level of development of production and scientific and technological progress. In psychology, needs are studied in three aspects: as an object, as a state and as a property (a more detailed description of these meanings is presented in the table).

The meaning of needs in psychology

In psychology, the problem of needs has been considered by many scientists, so today there are quite a lot of different theories that understand needs as a need, a state, and a process of satisfaction. For example, K. K. Platonov saw in needs, first of all, a need (more precisely, a mental phenomenon of reflection of the needs of an organism or personality), and D. A. Leontyev looked at needs through the prism of activity in which it finds its realization (satisfaction). Famous psychologist of the last century Kurt Lewin understood by needs, first of all, a dynamic state that arises in a person at the moment he performs some action or intention.

Analysis of various approaches and theories in the study of this problem suggests that in psychology the need was considered in the following aspects:

as a need (L.I. Bozhovich, V.I. Kovalev, S.L. Rubinstein);
as an object to satisfy a need (A.N. Leontyev);
as a necessity (B.I. Dodonov, V.A. Vasilenko);
as the absence of good (V.S. Magun);
as an attitude (D.A. Leontiev, M.S. Kagan);
as a violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky);
as a state (K. Levin);
as a systemic reaction of the individual (E.P. Ilyin).

Human needs in psychology are understood as dynamically active states of the individual, which form the basis of his motivational sphere. And since in the process of human activity not only the development of personality occurs, but also changes in the environment, needs play the role of the driving force of its development and here their substantive content is of particular importance, namely the volume of material and spiritual culture of mankind that influences the formation of needs people and their satisfaction.

In order to understand the essence of needs as a motive force, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points highlighted E.P. Ilyin. They are as follows:

the needs of the human body must be separated from the needs of the individual (in this case, the need, that is, the need of the body, can be unconscious or conscious, but the need of the individual is always conscious);
need is always associated with need, which must be understood not as a deficiency in something, but as desirability or need;
from personal needs it is impossible to exclude the state of need, which is a signal for choosing a means of satisfying needs;
the emergence of a need is a mechanism that includes human activity aimed at finding a goal and achieving it as a need to satisfy the emerging need.

Needs are characterized by a passive-active nature, that is, on the one hand, they are determined by the biological nature of a person and the deficiency of certain conditions, as well as the means of his existence, and on the other hand, they determine the activity of the subject to overcome the resulting deficiency. An essential aspect of human needs is their social and personal character, which finds its manifestation in motives, motivation and, accordingly, in the entire orientation of the individual. Regardless of the type of need and its focus, they all have the following characteristics:

have their own subject and are an awareness of need;
the content of needs depends primarily on the conditions and methods of their satisfaction;
they are capable of reproducing.

The needs that shape human behavior and activity, as well as the motives, interests, aspirations, desires, drives and value orientations that result from them, constitute the basis of individual behavior.

Types of human needs

Any human need initially represents an organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways of satisfying them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished:

depending on the origin they are distinguished natural(or organic) and cultural needs;
distinguished by direction material needs and spiritual;
depending on what area they belong to (areas of activity), they distinguish the needs for communication, work, rest and cognition (or educational needs);
by object, needs can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish social needs of a person);
by their origin, needs can be endogenous(occur due to the influence of internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

In the psychological literature there are also basic, fundamental (or primary) and secondary needs.

The greatest attention in psychology is paid to three main types of needs - material, spiritual and social (or social needs), which are described in the table below.

Basic types of human needs

Material needs of a person are primary, since they are the basis of his life. Indeed, in order for a person to live, he needs food, clothing and shelter, and these needs were formed in the process of phylogenesis. Spiritual Needs(or ideal) are purely human, since they primarily reflect the level of personal development. These include aesthetic, ethical and cognitive needs.

It should be noted that both organic and spiritual needs are characterized by dynamism and interact with each other, therefore, for the formation and development of spiritual needs, it is necessary to satisfy material ones (for example, if a person does not satisfy the need for food, he will experience fatigue, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness, which cannot contribute to the emergence of a cognitive need).

Separately should be considered social needs(or social), which are formed and developed under the influence of society and are a reflection of the social nature of man. Satisfaction of this need is necessary for absolutely every person as a social being and, accordingly, as an individual.

Classifications of needs

Since psychology became a separate branch of knowledge, many scientists have made a large number of attempts to classify needs. All these classifications are very diverse and mainly reflect only one side of the problem. That is why, today, a unified system of human needs that would meet all the requirements and interests of researchers of various psychological schools and directions has not yet been presented to the scientific community.

natural and necessary human desires (it is impossible to live without them);
natural desires, but not necessary (if there is no possibility of satisfying them, then this will not lead to the inevitable death of a person);
desires that are neither necessary nor natural (for example, the desire for fame).

Author of information P.V. Simonov needs were divided into biological, social and ideal, which in turn can be the needs of need (or conservation) and growth (or development). Social and ideal human needs, according to P. Simonov, are divided into needs “for oneself” and “for others.”

Quite interesting is the classification of needs proposed by Erich Fromm. The famous psychoanalyst identified the following specific social needs of a person:

human need for connections (group membership);
need for self-affirmation (feeling of significance);
need for affection (need for warm and reciprocal feelings);
the need for self-awareness (own individuality);
the need for a system of orientation and objects of worship (belonging to a culture, nation, class, religion, etc.).

But the most popular among all existing classifications is the unique system of human needs by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (better known as the hierarchy of needs or pyramid of needs). The representative of the humanistic trend in psychology based his classification on the principle of grouping needs by similarity in a hierarchical sequence - from lower to higher needs. A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is presented in table form for ease of perception.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

Main groups	Needs	Description
Additional psychological needs	in self-actualization (self-realization)	maximum realization of all human potential, his abilities and personality development
	aesthetic	need for harmony and beauty
	educational	the desire to recognize and understand the surrounding reality
Basic psychological needs	in respect, self-esteem and appreciation	the need for success, approval, recognition of authority, competence, etc.
	in love and belonging	the need to be in a community, society, to be accepted and recognized
	in safety	need for protection, stability and security
Physiological needs	physiological or organic	needs for food, oxygen, drinking, sleep, sexual desire, etc.

Having proposed my classification of needs, A. Maslow clarified that a person cannot have higher needs (cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-development) if he has not satisfied basic (organic) needs.

Formation of human needs

The development of human needs can be analyzed in the context of the socio-historical development of mankind and from the perspective of ontogenesis. But it should be noted that in both the first and second cases, the initial ones will be material needs. This is due to the fact that they are the main source of activity of any individual, pushing him to maximum interaction with the environment (both natural and social)

On the basis of material needs, human spiritual needs developed and transformed, for example, the need for knowledge was based on satisfying the needs for food, clothing and housing. As for aesthetic needs, they were also formed thanks to the development and improvement of the production process and various means of life, which were necessary to provide more comfortable conditions for human life. Thus, the formation of human needs was determined by socio-historical development, during which all human needs developed and differentiated.

As for the development of needs during a person’s life path (that is, in ontogenesis), here, too, everything begins with the satisfaction of natural (organic) needs that ensure the establishment of relationships between the child and adults. In the process of satisfying basic needs, children develop needs for communication and cognition, on the basis of which other social needs appear. The process of upbringing has an important influence on the development and formation of needs in childhood, thanks to which the correction and replacement of destructive needs is carried out.

Development and formation of human needs according to the opinion of A.G. Kovaleva must obey the following rules:

needs arise and are strengthened through the practice and systematicity of consumption (that is, the formation of a habit);
the development of needs is possible in conditions of expanded reproduction in the presence of various means and methods of satisfying them (the emergence of needs in the process of activity);
the formation of needs occurs more comfortably if the activity necessary for this does not exhaust the child (ease, simplicity and a positive emotional attitude);
the development of needs is significantly influenced by the transition from reproductive to creative activity;
the need will be strengthened if the child sees its significance, both personally and socially (appraisal and encouragement).

In addressing the issue of the formation of human needs, it is necessary to return to the hierarchy of needs of A. Maslow, who argued that all human needs are given to him in a hierarchical organization at certain levels. Thus, every person from the moment of his birth in the process of growing up and developing his personality will consistently manifest seven classes (of course, this is ideal) of needs, starting from the most primitive (physiological) needs and ending with the need for self-actualization (the desire for maximum realization personality of all its potentialities, the fullest life), and some aspects of this need begin to appear no earlier than adolescence.

According to A. Maslow, a person’s life at a higher level of needs provides him with the greatest biological efficiency and, accordingly, a longer life, better health, better sleep and appetite. Thus, goal of satisfying needs basic – the desire for the emergence of higher needs in a person (for knowledge, self-development and self-actualization).

Basic ways and means of satisfying needs

Satisfying a person’s needs is an important condition not only for his comfortable existence, but also for his survival, because if organic needs are not satisfied, a person will die in the biological sense, and if spiritual needs are not satisfied, then the personality dies as a social entity. People, satisfying different needs, learn different ways and acquire a variety of means to achieve this goal. Therefore, depending on the environment, conditions and the individual himself, the goal of satisfying needs and the methods for achieving it will vary.

In psychology, the most popular ways and means of satisfying needs are:

in the mechanism of formation of individual ways to satisfy their needs(in the process of learning, the formation of various connections between stimuli and subsequent analogy);
in the process of individualizing ways and means of satisfying basic needs, which act as mechanisms for the development and formation of new needs (the very methods of satisfying needs can turn into them themselves, that is, new needs appear);
in specifying ways and means of meeting needs(one method or several are consolidated, with the help of which human needs are satisfied);
in the process of mentalization of needs(awareness of the content or some aspects of the need);
in the socialization of ways and means of satisfying needs(their subordination to the values of culture and norms of society occurs).

So, at the basis of any human activity and activity there is always some kind of need, which finds its manifestation in motives, and it is the needs that are the motivating force that pushes a person to movement and development.

Social needs- a special type of human needs - the need for something necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body of a human person, a social group, or society as a whole; internal stimulator of activity. There are two types of needs - natural and socially created. Natural needs- These are the daily needs of a person for food, clothing, shelter, etc.

Social needs— these are human needs in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life. Natural needs are the basis on which social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Needs act as the main motive that encourages the subject of activity to take real actions aimed at creating conditions and means to satisfy his needs, i.e., to production activities.

Without needs there is and cannot be production. They are the initial stimulant of a person to activity; they express the dependence of the subject of activity on the outside world. Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as attractions to the object of need. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of an individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various spheres of production and non-production activity, and in the life of society as a whole.

It is advisable to take into account the following most important “kinds” of needs, the satisfaction of which ensures normal conditions for the reproduction of social groups (communities):

1) in the production and distribution of goods, services and information required for the survival of members of society;

2) in normal (corresponding to existing social norms) psychophysiological life support;

3) in knowledge and self-development;

4) in communication between members of society;

5) in simple (or expanded) demographic reproduction;

6) in the upbringing and education of children;

7) in monitoring the behavior of members of society;

8) in ensuring their safety in all aspects.

Social needs are not satisfied automatically, but only through the organized efforts of members of society, which are social institutions.

Theories of human needs A. Maslow And F. Herzberg . The theory of work motivation by an American psychologist and sociologist Abraham Maslow(1908-1970) reveals human needs. Classifying human needs, A. Maslow divides them into basic(need for food, security, positive self-esteem, etc.) and derivatives, or metaneeds(in justice, prosperity, order and unity of social life, etc.).

Basic needs are arranged according to the principle of hierarchy in ascending order from the lowest material to the highest spiritual:

- Firstly, physiological and sexual needs - in the reproduction of people, food, breathing, physical movements, housing, rest, etc.;

- Secondly, existential needs - the need for security of one’s existence, confidence in the future, stability of living conditions and activities, the desire to avoid unfair treatment, and in the world of work - for guaranteed employment, accident insurance, etc.;

- Thirdly, social needs - for affection, belonging to a team, communication, care for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint work activities;

- fourthly, prestige needs - respect from significant people, career growth, status, prestige, knowledge and high appreciation;

- fifthly, spiritual needs - the need for self-expression through creativity.

Maslow Abraham Harold is a professor of psychology at Brooklyn College and the University of Massachusetts. He combined academic activities with entrepreneurial activities, founding his own enterprise, Maslow Cooperage Corporation. At the age of 18, A. Maslow entered New York City College. The father wanted his son to become a lawyer, but the young man was absolutely not attracted to a legal career. His interest in psychology arose in his penultimate year of college, and he chose a purely psychological topic for his course work. A. Maslow began systematic studies in psychology when he entered Cornell University.

He then transferred to the University of Wisconsin, where he became actively involved in experimental research on animal behavior. He created the so-called hierarchy of needs, the purpose of which was initially to explain human behavior and which was quickly adopted by managers, since it made it possible to understand the characteristics of employee motivation. A. Maslow became one of the first management figures who used a humanistic approach to personnel instead of an administrative one. Considering that personnel are becoming the key resource of successful companies, Maslow's model as a management concept is becoming increasingly relevant.

The advantage of A. Maslow’s theory consisted in the explanation, interaction of factors, in the discovery of their motive spring, in the fact that he considered the needs of each new level to be relevant, urgent for the individual only after the previous ones are satisfied. In addition, A. Maslow suggested that physiological, sexual and existential needs are innate, and the rest are socially acquired.

Further development of A. Maslow’s concept led to the conclusion that any individual has not one system of needs, but two, which are qualitatively different, independent of each other and have different effects on people’s behavior.

First group- hygiene factors. They do not relate to the content of work, but favor comfortable working and living conditions, well-organized work organization and work schedule, and provision of workers with various benefits and housing. Factors contribute to the development of psychologically comfortable relationships between employees, and as a result, one should not expect high job satisfaction or interest in it, but only the absence of dissatisfaction.

Second group factors - motives - satisfy, from the point of view Frederick Herzberg (b. 1923), internal needs and include recognition and achievement of success in work, interest in its content, responsibility, independence, etc. They determine job satisfaction and increase work activity. Therefore, F. Herzberg believes, satisfaction is a function of the content of work, and dissatisfaction is a function of working conditions.

Herzberg Frederick- American psychologist, professor of management, created his own theory of motivation, specialist in the field of clinical psychology, professor of management at the University of Utah. Herzberg's works are devoted mainly to the personality traits of a working person, but they are popular among management theorists and practitioners because they expand management's knowledge about personnel and allow them to optimize the work of workers. Herzberg created his own theory of motivation, which can be divided into two parts - hygiene and motivation.

By hygiene, Herzberg means the policies and management methods of the company, working conditions, salary, degree of protection; all these factors do not serve as motives for increasing productivity, but create moral satisfaction. The second part of the theory of motivation concerns the work itself, by performing which the employee achieves certain results, receives recognition from others, moves up the career ladder, increases his status, and has the opportunity to do what he loves. Managers must use both factors simultaneously - the hygiene factor and the motivation factor, creating such working conditions that the employee does not experience dissatisfaction.

If an employee can achieve results, gain recognition, find interest, and move up the career ladder, then he will work with maximum efficiency. True, Herzberg has another theory called KITA (a kick in the ass). This theory says: the easiest way to force a person to work is to give him KITA, because improving hygiene (increasing wages, working conditions, providing additional benefits - pensions, paid vacations, etc.) does not provide a long-term motivational effect. Motivation depends on how effectively workers are used, not how they are treated.

The main schools of Western sociology of labor (F. Taylor, E. Mayo, B. Skinner).Sociology of labor(in developed Western countries it is more often called industrial sociology) began to develop in the 20-30s. XX century Investigating problems related to the social essence of labor, industrial sociology places social-labor relations as an important object of analysis. One of the famous modern American sociologists F. Herzberg believes that Western sociology has analyzed the three most important approaches to studying and regulating the production behavior of workers.

First approach - scientific management, based on the one developed at the beginning of the 20th century. theories of the American engineer Fred Taylor (1856-1915). According to the theory, human labor efficiency increases by reducing the production task to simple operations that do not require complex labor skills. Piece, piecework, progressive-bonus wage systems caused an increase in labor productivity even for older and lazy workers. Timing of work operations in order to save movements and simplify work functions, a detailed description of each operation, thorough instructions, hourly wages and a system of bonuses (large bonuses from enterprise profits, usually received once or twice a year for success at work), assembly lines - everything This scientific organization of production is widely and successfully used in industry to this day.

Taylor Frederick Winslow is an outstanding American researcher and practical manager who laid the foundation for the scientific organization of labor and rationalization in the field of management, the founder of management, and a representative of the scientific school of management. From 1890 to 1893, Taylor, general manager of the Manufacturing Investment Company in Philadelphia, owner of paper presses in Maine and Wisconsin, organized his own management consulting business, the first in the history of management. In 1906, Taylor became president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1911 he founded the Society for the Advancement of Scientific Management (later called the Taylor Society). Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on labor organization.

Taylor died on March 21, 1915 in Philadelphia from pneumonia. On his tombstone there is an inscription: “Father of Scientific Management.” Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on labor organization. He is the creator of production planning as a discipline. Taylor researched factors influencing productivity and methods of rational organization of working time. Based on the analysis of thousands of experiments, recommendations were formulated for organizing industrial production and training personnel. F. Taylor put forward the idea of narrow specialization, identified planning as the most important element in organizing production, and believed that professional managers should be involved in production planning.

Main work— “Principles of Scientific Management”, 1911.

The beginning of the second approach of sociology to regulating the production behavior of workers was carried out in the 20-30s. XX century American scientist Elton Mayo (1880-1949) famous Hawthorne experiments at the Western Electric Company near Chicago. Studying the influence of various factors on increasing production efficiency (work conditions and organization, wages, interpersonal relationships and leadership style, etc.), Elton Mayo showed the role of human and group factors.

In the concept of “human relations,” Elton Mayo focuses, firstly, on the fact that man is a social animal, oriented and included in the context of group behavior; secondly, a rigid hierarchy of subordination and bureaucratic organization are incompatible with human nature and his freedom; Third, industry leaders must focus more on people than products. This ensures social stability of society and individual job satisfaction. The second approach is called human relations management. It was with the second approach that American industrial sociology began. In modern conditions, important labor problems are studied and practically developed within its boundaries.

Mayo Elton- American psychologist, founder of the school of human relations in management, professor of industrial sociology at Harvard University, then professor of industrial studies at the Graduate School of Business and Administration. He received a philosophical medical education in the UK, then a financial education in the USA. He led a number of research projects and experiments, including Philadelphia and Hawthorne. Founded the movement “for the development of human relations.”

One of the founders of the school of human relations. He put forward the idea of humanizing labor at an industrial enterprise. He laid the foundations for the model of an organization as a community, and considered as its most important function the function of satisfying human social needs in the conditions of the crisis of American society, the breakdown of the family, and the decline in the role of traditional social institutions. He drew attention to the social nature of man (based on the thesis of man as a social animal), as well as the importance of a small group, leadership and informal organization in the regulation of human behavior.

He proposed to place emphasis in management on stimulating employee motivation and interest in the content of the activity. Questioned the universality of the role of monetary reward as a motive for activity. He emphasized the importance of intellectualizing executive functions, making the maximum possible use of rich human potential, and self-organization.

Hawthorne experiments- a working group led by E. Mayo at the Hawthorne factories near Chicago in 1927-1932. conducted experiments to study the impact of various technical and social factors on labor productivity; The original purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between workplace lighting levels and productivity levels.

Hawthorne Works- plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, telephone equipment was assembled at these plants; the number of workers was 25 thousand people; in 1983 the company was closed.

The third approach to regulating the production behavior of workers associated with the name of the American sociologist Burres Frederick Skinner and called situational management. Material social incentives are used here. Remuneration for work is carefully linked to the achievement of specific goals in the labor process, and the main concern of the manager has become the assessment of the employee’s performance and the provision of material and moral incentives.